A Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is a facility designed to treat wastewater and remove contaminants, making it safe for discharge into the environment or reuse. Sewage typically consists of water from domestic, industrial, and commercial activities, as well as rainwater runoff.
Key Functions of an STP
- Pollutant Removal: Removes solids, organic matter, and harmful microorganisms from wastewater.
- Water Recycling: Treated water can be reused for irrigation, industrial processes, or other non-potable purposes.
- Environmental Protection: Prevents pollution of natural water bodies, safeguarding ecosystems and public health.
Stages in Sewage Treatment
Preliminary Treatment:
- Removal of large debris like plastics and sand using screens and grit chambers.
Primary Treatment:
- Settling tanks separate solid particles from the water.
Secondary Treatment:
- Biological Treatment: Microorganisms break down organic matter in aeration tanks.
- Clarifiers separate treated water from biological sludge.
Tertiary Treatment (Optional):
- Advanced filtration and disinfection (e.g., PSF & ACF, UV or chlorination) remove residual contaminants.
Sludge Treatment:
- Solid waste (sludge) is processed for safe disposal or converted to biogas/fertilizer.
Process flow diagram of SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
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